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For each sample and assay, the average of technical replicates was first normalized to a geometric mean values of reference genes, B2M and GAPDH according to the formula: Ct geometric) = (Ct(B2M +Ct GAPDH))/2.
Average Ct values for both Sod2-/ and control Sod2+/+ samples were based on 4 biological replicates; the Ct value for each biological replicate was the average of technical triplicates.
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Given that mass spectra are prone to variability in ionization efficiency, we applied a standardized method of analyzing serum directly with MALDI-TOF MS, using averaging of technical replicates and normalization to a measure of total ionization efficiency by the laser.
The results presented are averages of technical triplicates and represent at least two independent experiments.
The regression includes both the average probability of skill updating, the average probability of technical change and an interaction term crossing these two covariates.
The estimation of a Stochastic Production Frontier shows an average level of technical efficiency of 83% in the 2000 2010 period, and a technological change of 5%.
Then, we add the average probability of technical change in the regression.
The solid line in Figure 3, corresponding to complex jobs, is increasing with the average probability of technical change.
The average probability of technical change is the probability that workers employed in a specific sector report having experienced a change in the techniques used over the last three years.
To provide a graphical illustration, we plot the propensity to delay the retirement decision as a function of the average probability of technical change, setting the probability of skill updating to 0 (simple jobs) in one case and to 1 (complex jobs) in the other case.
The programmes had a median of 5 (and average of 21) technical and support staff, and 71%% of the technical staff had a computer.
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