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Iron intake was assessed as a categorical (quintiles of cumulative average intake) and continuous variable.
Participants were asked to report their average intake and portion size for each food over the past 12 months.
The risk-based approach provides a flexible method for developing comparable, substance-specific estimates of lifetime daily average intake and associated LECRs for a variety of exposure pathways, including outdoor air, indoor air, drinking water, dust, soil, and foods and beverages, using available data.
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Values were compared with National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001 2002 average intakes and dietary reference intakes for age and sex but not race/ethnicity (17).
The present study complemented that carried out in similar countries, which reported on the likelihood of high intakes of micronutrients, and like that initiative, attempted to examine the impact of supplementation and fortification by assessing the effects of these practices on average intakes and the prevalence of intakes above the upper levels.
To better account for changes in the diet during follow-up and to better represent long-term dietary intake in the SMC, intakes of α-tocopherol and other nutrients estimated from the FFQs were treated as cumulative average intakes and the covariates as time-dependent variables (12).
TRDS-2000 (Degteva et al, 2000a) applied individual information about age and residence history to estimated village-level average intake functions and external dose rates to obtain annual site-specific dose estimates, including those for RBM.
The self-administered questionnaire in the parent study assessed lifestyle variables (smoking history, alcoholic drinking), anthropometry (height, weight, body mass index, BMI), medical history (previous diagnosis of major diseases) and average intake of foods and beverages [ 19].
Levels of TG, GL and BP and average intake of medication (drugs against hypertension and dyslipidemia) were generally higher in subjects with MetS compared to those without MetS.
Finally, there is a strong relationship in population studies between the average intake of salt and the rate of ulcers and stomach cancer.
Average intake of minerals and vitamins of the subjects and prevalence of inadequate micronutrient intakes, that were computed based on RDA reference values, are presented in Table 6.
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