On average, exposures at 100 ppm or greater is dangerous to human health.
NDEM causes the misclassified average exposures U i to move closer together and towards the center compared with the true average exposures X i.
From the daily averages, monthly average exposures were computed for each postal code area.
No other diseases of primary interest were associated with cumulative or average exposures to the contaminants.
Average exposures were calculated for periods with <20% of the concentrations missing.
We calculated average exposures for the preceding 1, 5 and 30 years before study inclusion.
The modern decline in reports of ABD has mirrored the decrease in average exposures.
1998 and 2003 are average exposures over that year and the previous year.
Studies with small variation between average exposures (as in Figure 5F) are particularly worrisome.
The short exposures typical for commuting have not been studied extensively in air pollution epidemiology, in contrast to 24-hr average exposures or long-term (annual average) exposures [ World Health Organization (WHO) 2006].
Finally, although most studies have focused on average exposures, considering the effect of peaks in exposure might provide additional insights.
