When the boundary is anchored there is a significantly higher density, four times higher, of particles on the boundary than the density predicted by the classic Zener analysis, but particles exert, on average, a drag force about half of the maximum value assumed by Zener.
This study describes the balance between the momentum transfer and drag force in both an averaged sense over an area and a moving air particle to extend conventional frontal area density (λf) to a point-specific index (λf_point).
The Pareto front for the multiobjective design optimization results is obtained, and there must be a compromise between the drag force and the area-weighted average temperature.
The outcome of this study is that the modification of three variables: hand orientation, shape, and the average water flow velocity strongly affects drag coefficient and drag force of hand and with this in some measures affects the hand propulsion.
We summarize the average velocity of stage moved around each object and the drag force for each particle (Table 1).
We consider ω ˜ = π / 6, ω ˜ 1 = − π / 2. We notice that if the reduced frequency surpasses a certain value, the average drag coefficient is negative, i.e. it appears a propulsive force.
The DEM solid phase and the SPH liquid phase are coupled using the local averaging technique described by Lagrangian approaches, where both the continuity equation and the interaction force, i.e. drag force, are connected with the local mean voidage.
