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In Connecticut, where unemployment rates are at nearly half the national average, competition for employees is particularly stiff.
These interactions may be measurable directly from field data as inter-specific impacts of equal magnitude to intra-specific impacts; alternatively, Lotka-Volterra models of the sort described here can estimate average competition coefficients at an observed equilibrium N, given an average R (a big proviso, as field data generally measure realised rather than intrinsic vital rates).
Initially, average competition increased at each site up to about 1970 (Fig. 4).
At three of the four sites, size inequality was positively associated with density and mean tree size, and negatively associated with average competition.
Overall, some combination of stand density, mean tree size and average competition index were significant predictors of size inequality at all sites.
In general, stand density, mean tree size and average competition were expected to be significant predictors of changes in both size and size increment inequality.
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But Cosgrove had a pretty average t20 competition by his standards.
Male house mice in this study adjusted overall investment in sperm production according to cues of average sperm competition risk experienced during sexual development.
A further novel finding of the present study is that male house mice appear to adjust investment in the overall size of the seminal vesicles according to cues of average sperm competition risk.
Our findings are generally consistent with results from two previous studies in which social experience of male house mice with male (but not female) conspecifics was manipulated to vary cues of average sperm competition level, and where sperm production was also higher following regular encounters with more male conspecifics [ 17, 32].
The average amount of competition (standardized by the maximum average annual competition observed at a given site so that each plot could be compared on the same scale) showed both increasing and decreasing trends over time at each plot (Fig. 4).
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