Fig. 2 Empirical relationship between the average annual flows (FV) and drainage areas (DA) of the 12 flow stations used in this study.
The average annual flow from the drainage basin is around 79 km3 of Amu Darya and 37 km3 of Syr Darya river (Micklin 2000).
Purple arrow shows sediment inputs from ungauged areas Fig. 4 Average annual sediment budget in the Yangtze drainage basin during 2003 2012, after construction of the Three Gorges Dam (TGD) (based on Yang et al. 2014).
Fig. 3 Average annual sediment budget in the Yangtze drainage basin during 1950 2002, before construction of the Three Gorges Dam (TGD) (based on Dai et al. 2005; Yang et al. 2006; Hu et al. 2009).
Garde and Kothari (1987) developed an empirical relationship involving catchment area, catchment slope, drainage density vegetation cover factor and annual precipitation for average annual sediment yield estimation using the data of 50 catchments located in the plain region of India.
Total drainage area is about 27,100 square miles (70,200 square km); average annual runoff is 22 million acre-feet (27 billion cubic metres).
Annual average fractional available volumetric water content (θa), total annual water loss and total annual drainage for each treatment at each of the eight sites was determined using a daily water balance model, validated against two-monthly measurements of θa.
The river system has a length of 1,000 miles (1,600 km), a drainage basin of 153,800 square miles (398,000 square km), and an average annual discharge of 42,700 cubic feet (1,210 cubic metres) per second.
The drainage patterns and engineering activities, especially the heating from operating oil flows at an average annual oil temperature of 7.7 °C (with a range of 0.7 °C to 20.4 °C) along the pipeline route may have been responsible for the extensive and substantial thaw subsidence in the ice-rich permafrost zones.
Average annual rainfall: five inches.
