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The mayor's most recent dose of real talk followed an announcement that Beijing had failed to meet its 2014 target of a five-per-cent reduction in the average annual concentration of tiny particulate matter, known as PM2.5.
Even if the city were to reach its 2017 target — a twenty-five-per-cent reduction in PM2.5 — the resulting average annual concentration of particles would still be about sixty micrograms per cubic meter, which is nearly twice the Chinese national standard and six times the World Health Organization's guidance level.
In the European Union the advisory value for health of Hg in the indoor air is set to 50 ng/m3 (average annual concentration) and therefore it is lower than the official Dutch threshold level of 20 µg/m3 (time weight average over 8 h) [4].
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Average annual concentrations of nitrate during the years studied are not statistically different, but interaction between proximity and years is statistically significant (F = 2.07; p = 0.04).
Finally, the spatial pollutant surfaces were calibrated yearly to estimate average annual concentrations between 1975 and 1994.
The average annual concentrations of NO2 and PM10 in 2002 were 22 μg/m and 80 μg/m, respectively.
Average annual concentrations of NO2 and PM10 in 2002 were 7 μg/m and 68 μg/m, respectively.
The LUR models of average annual concentrations explained a substantial amount of the spatial variation (R = 0.79 for PM2.5 and 0.80 for NO2).
PM2.5 is often used as a general indicator for the level of anthropogenic air pollution: the average annual concentrations of PM2.5 currently range from below 10 µg/m to over 100 µg/m around the world.
To develop the model, we undertook air pollution monitoring at 50 sites for a 2-week period, during four seasons, to provide an estimate of the average annual concentrations of traffic-related air pollutants.
The back-extrapolated concentration was estimated by multiplying the modeled ESCAPE annual mean concentration by the ratio between average annual concentrations as derived from the routine monitoring site(s) for the period in the past and for the ESCAPE measurement period time (Beelen et al. 2014).
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