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From 1951 to the present, the average annual air temperature in the region has increased by nearly five degrees.
The Arctic, which is warming at twice the rate of lower latitudes, has already shot beyond that: average annual air temperatures have increased by about three degrees.
The southern limit of continuous permafrost occurs within the northern forest belt of North America and Eurasia, and it can be correlated with average annual air temperatures of –7 °C (20 °F).
The average annual air temperature over Arctic land is now 3.5°C (6.5°F) warmer than it was 1900, Greenland is experiencing longer melting seasons, and this year's spring snow cover extent set a record low in the North American Arctic, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's newly released 2016 Arctic Report Card.
"Over the past 60 years, Alaska has warmed more than twice as rapidly as the rest of the United States, with state-wide average annual air temperature increasing by 3°F and average winter temperature by 6°F, with substantial year-to-year and regional variability," reads an entry in the federal government's 2014 National Climate Assessment.
The average annual air temperature for the scenarios relevant to total soil in the Northern, Central and Southern European Zone is 4.7, 8.0 and 11.0 °C, respectively.
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Mean annual air temperature averaged 11.2 °C ranging from 9.27 to 14.1 °C, while total annual rainfall averaged 1420 mm ranging from 1119 to 2216 mm.
In AO, mean annual air temperature between 1960 and 1989 varied from –1.5 to +2.6°C, being +0.7°C in average.
However, despite preceding dry periods of different severity, and exhibiting different average annual rainfall, air temperatures and reduction in the frequency of subsurface water use by vegetation, leaf area increased by approximately the same amount for both 'recovery' years.
China's newfound "authoritarian environmentalism" in fact seems to have yielded significant results already, as even Greenpeace admits, and average annual urban air pollution has been on the decline in recent years.
Geothermal cooling is used for air conditioning which is based on the principle that at a depth of about 3.5 m or more, the soil temperature remains fairly constant throughout the year and is approximately equal to the average annual ambient air temperature (ASHRAE 1985).
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