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Pastoral systems are important to many people in Africa's vast arid and semi-arid areas (African Union 2010) where the availability of rainfall is unpredictable and erratic.
Both the North East (NE) (the actual rainy season occurs in the months of October December) and South West (SW) monsoon (occurs in the months of June September) play a critical role for the availability of rainfall in the study area.
Environmental barriers also played major roles in establishing a "pause, adapt, spread, pause again" mode of movement, such barriers relating to availability of rainfall and alluvial land, latitude (photoperiodism) and climatic seasonality, and the prior presences of other populations, in some cases with vegetative gardening systems that did not involve rice or other cereals.
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Climate change is already impacting the availability of water through rainfall disruption, soil moisture, glacier, snow and ice melt and river, ground and water flows.
The availability of extended records of rainfall and other climatic data, which could be used to obtain stream flow data, initiated the practice of rainfall-runoff modelling.
Adaptation of annual species, like California wild radish, to desert and desert-like environments often includes rapid germination and development to reproductive maturity because the availability and seasonal duration of rainfall is limited (Gordon 1989).
Availability of water and uniformity of rainfall distribution is changing day by day due to shifting of monsoon in Rajasthan.
The availability of good and reliable rainfall data is fundamental for most hydrological analyses and for the design and management of water resources systems.
Therefore, this study (i) identified the patterns of forage availability using TEK, (ii) compared the emerging patterns of forage availability with remote sensing NDVI, (iii) determined the perceived drivers of forage availability and (iv) determined the joint effect of rainfall and temperature on NDVI as a proxy of forage availability in Karamoja sub-region.
Short duration of the growing season, erratic distribution of rainfall, and restricted availability of fertilizer all have adverse effects on yield.
Previous studies focussing on temperate natural forests and forest plantations (Iio et al. 2014) and tropical forests in East Africa (Pfeifer et al. 2014) have found a decline in canopy LAI in regions with very high levels of rainfall and water availability.
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