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Although metastasis has traditionally been described as the autonomous spread of renegade cells throughout the body, it is now becoming clear that this is no longer the case.
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We hence conclude that autophagy in the MBs plays a crucial role in determining the non-cell autonomous spreading of memory-aversive synaptic phenotypes in the Drosophila brain.
Thus, autophagy suppression specifically in Pars Intercerebralis is obviously not sufficient for the observed non-cell autonomous spreading of synaptic phenotypes and a subsequent defect in memory formation.
To directly test whether MB-specific expression plays an essential role in the non-cell autonomous spreading of this synaptic phenotype in the Drosophila brain, we prevented atg-5 KD (via ok107-Gal4) in the MBs by simultaneously expressing a Gal4 repressor, Gal80, under control of an independent MB-specific promoter, mb247.
To assay for non-cell autonomous spreading of tasiRNA-mediated gene silencing within the shoot apex, we developed a ubiquitously expressed dsRed "sensor" transgene that contains a target site for ARF-regulating tasiRNAs in the 3'UTR with mismatches that resemble the endogenous tasiRNA binding site "A" in the ARF3 transcript [20].
One striking feature of gene silencing is that the silencing effects are non-cell autonomous and spread to neighboring cells.
Recent years have seen a tremendous surge of interest in the possibility that neurodegenerative diseases, including PD, could develop and progress via non-cell autonomous means, spreading by transcellular mechanisms with seeding and subsequent permissive templating, in a prion-like fashion.
But unlike nuclear weapons, whose components are traceable and relatively easy to monitor, "autonomous weapons" could spread quickly and fundamentally alter the character of warfare.
Figure 6: Autonomous motility during spreading of the embryonic DCL.
The Obama administration's latest proposed transportation budget, which included a $4 billion, 10-year plan to spread autonomous-vehicle technology, landed with a thud on Capitol Hill.
In February, the group launched a campaign targeting Elaine Chao and the Department of Transportation, which has billions of dollars set aside to subsidize the development and spread of autonomous vehicles.
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