Since activity of LAP-Mps1-WT immunoprecipitated from asynchronous cells is equal to that immunoprecipitated from mitotic cells (not shown), activation of exogenous Mps1 in non-mitotic cells is probably due to overexpression of the protein that can cause spontaneous auto-activation in the absence of kinetochores [18].
(C ) Yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) assay with auto-activation in grey and interaction with bZIP63 in blue.
To examine the underlying mechanism of MET auto-activation in this model, we PCR-cloned MET cDNA from E98 cells, using primers flanking the open reading frame (ORF, NM_000245.2).
However, to re-formulate the auto-activation in terms of mass-action kinetics only, which is required to use off-lattice alternatives, would require a replacement of the current parsimonious non-linear term by, for example specific enzyme kinetics.
DNA was isolated from 10 secondary positive yeast colonies, retransformed into yeast, and verified for positive interactions with either PDX1.3 or PDX2, respectively, as well as lack of auto-activation in the presence of an empty pBTM116-D9 vector.
The importance of the balance between activation and repression is highlighted by the following: repression of kni and gt by Tll can be compensated through increased activation by Cad, repression of kni by Kr can be compensated through increased activation by Bcd, while repression of kni by Gt can be overcome by increased kni auto-activation in the posterior of the embryo.
In the other two pathways, appropriate stimuli result in auto-activation of the initiator caspases in large multiprotein complexes with subsequent processing of effector caspases, including caspase-3 and -7, as well as other caspases and effector proteins.
These findings argue for auto-activation of Bak in the absence of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins and provide evidence of profound differences in the activation of Bax and Bak.
Using 1.25 mM 3-amino-1, 2, 4-triazol that prevented transcriptional auto-activation by SOB3/AtAHL29 in the bait protein, we demonstrated that SOB3/AtAHL29 from Arabidopsis thaliana and the PPC domain of Glycine max Gm06g01650.1 can interact with each other.
The multiple WD-40 repeats in Apaf-1 permit self-oligomerization and auto-activation of caspase-9, which in turn cleaves and activates caspase-3 [ 44].
The Lys-linked ubiquitin chains interact with the TAB2 and TAB3 components of TAK1 complexes, in-ducing the auto-activation of TAK1 [ 9, 13, 25], whereas the Met-linked ubiquitin chains formed by the action of the E3 ubiquitin ligase LUBAC [ 16, 26] interact with NEMO [ 27, 28] and are critical for activation of the canonical IKK complex [ 12, 16, 29].
