In addition, the study generated several possibilities for improvement, including increased allowances and incentives for rural posting; a transparent and fair promotion system for serving in rural areas; enhanced authority of the local managers for reducing worker absenteeism; and improved national policies on rural retention.
Carlisle was eloquent on the subject of the sudden silence that descends on changing rooms just before kick‑off, while Pardew, who speaks with the authority of Manager of the Year, and someone who knows how to win and lose play‑off finals, gave an idea of the limitations of a manager's powers on the Day of Destiny.
"We do everything to minimize the authority and power of the manager in making a hiring decision," Mr. Bock explains.
Mussina said Girardi has been more vocal during games than Torre, speaking sometimes with the technical knowledge of a former catcher, sometimes with the authority of a manager.
The game does, of course, make space for the individual brilliance of players on the field, and concentrated authority in the form of the manager off of it.
The optimal level of authority balances the value of the manager's decision-making expertise against the cost of ensuring that the manager uses his discretion productively.
In an emergency situation, the authority plays the role of the manager, putting an announcement in the authoritative media to address rumors, inducting public opinions, and putting emergency under control, reducing the potential for secondary damage.
At the time, Flint was under the authority of an emergency manager appointed by the state of Michigan.
Four Michigan cities are currently under the authority of an emergency manager, and the city of Detroit is also currently undergoing a financial review that could lead to a takeover.
