Taken together, PPIs exerted strong protection against indomethacin-induced gastric mucosal damage through significant HO-1 induction, which is beyond authentic acid suppressive action, though we did not measure the changes of gastric acidity.
We confirmed the new finding, never touched before, how pantoprazole can protect stomach from NSAIDs-induced gastric damage beyond authentic acid suppressive action and elucidated the mechanism that pantoprazole improved NSAIDs-induced ischemia and attenuated NSAIDs-associated gastric inflammation through Nrf2-driven HO-1 induction.
Authentic compounds (cholic acid, taurocholic acid, taurochenodeoxycholic acid, taurodeoxycholic acid, glycocholic acid, α-tocopherol, α-tocopherol acetate, and α-tocopherolquinone) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich.
Nucleotide sequences in this stretch of the Mlo coding sequence were modified by PCR to encode alanine instead of the respective authentic amino acid (see Methods for details).
Each FABCE was confirmed by corresponding standards that were synthesized by esterification of authentic fatty acid standards and alcohols (Additional file 2).
The FABCE standards were synthesized by esterification of authentic fatty acid standards and corresponding branched-chain alcohols using approaches published in reference [ 48 ].
Quantification of the compounds was carried out from the peak area, in comparison with authentic standards of phenolic acids (gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid) and flavonoids (rutin, luteolin, quercetin, myricetin, apigenin).
The chemical compounds were identified by their absorption spectra in the UV region, using the photodiode array detector and comparison to authentic standards (p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, cinnamic acid, gallic acid, quercetin, kaempferol, kaempferide, apigenin, sakuranetin, isosakuranetin, pinocembrin, chrysin, acacetin, and galangin).
Phenolic compounds were identified by comparison with the data obtained from GC/MS (retention time and fragmentation ion) of Extrasynthese Co. authentic standards (syringic acid, myricetin, kaempferol, luteolin, liquiritigenin, isoliquiritigenin, quercetin, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, catechin, epicatechin) and with the Wiley 8 library.
Authentic N-acetylneuraminic acid (NeuAc; Dextra) and N-glycolylneuraminic acid (NeuGc; Dextra) were used as external standards.
Thus, the identification and proper expression of authentic plant artemisinic acid transporters from the plant Artemisia annua might enhance the efflux of artemisinic acid from engineered yeast.
