Au-It and Au-NCE indicate the Italian and the northern/central European aurochsen, respectively.
This analysis was performed separately for the Au-It and the Au-NCE groups.
The Φ st value between the two ancient groups (Au-It vs. Au-NCE) was very high (0.727, P < 0.0001), which is consistent with their haplogroup frequencies.
The temporal dynamic of the median values is shown in Figure 4. Neither Au-NCE nor Au-It showed evidence of population size changes.
In this data set, the group of Italian aurochsen (hereafter, Au-It) and the group of northern and central European aurochsen (hereafter, Au-NCE) were composed of 15 and 50 individuals respectively.
For clarity of comparison, the isochronous skylines were depicted assuming that the sequences were all sampled at 2,000 and 7,000 years B.P. for Au-NCE and Au-It respectively (i.e., the ages of the most recent sample).
We have so far demonstrated that an expansion signal can be generated by heterochronous sampling when the temporal information is not taken into account, and that coalescent analyses of both Au-It and Au-NCE were suggestive of a constant, rather than an expanding, population.
A demographic model with constant population size can therefore explain the Italian aurochs data set, and Au-It showed a long-term effective population size twice as large as Au-NCE (Table 1; population sizes are estimated assuming a generation time of 7 years [ 35]).
For the films deposited on Au, it was impossible to detect Raman spectra due to the strong luminescence from the Au substrate.
As for the the AU, it has little influence in Libya - it opposed the Nato-backed offensive to oust Col Gaddafi, and is viewed with deep suspicion by Libya's authorities.
