NAC, a derivative of cysteine, augments the synthesis of glutathione both in vitro (Phelps et al., 1992) and in vivo (Borok et al., 1991a), thus contributing to the replenishment of glutathione stores and bolstering epithelial cell antioxidant defence.
Preincubation (priming) of cells with PMA augmented the synthesis of 5-LOX products as well as the formation of 5-oxo-ETE during the interaction of PMNL with OZ.
At a biochemical level, physical activity and exercise augment the synthesis of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, also known as BDNF, which enhances brain plasticity by changing the structure of the neuron and strengthening its signalling capability [ 42, 43].
These results suggest that MIF can augment the synthesis and release of TNF-α, and that when this stimulus is removed the plasma levels of TNF-α should fall.
These effects might be augmented by reducing the synthesis of proteinases (MMPs) [ 18- 20], or by increasing the expression of tissue inhibitors of MMP (TIMPs) [ 20, 21].
TORC1 can enhance lipid synthesis by augmenting the activity of the lipogenic transcription factor sterol response element binding protein (SREBP), and by increasing expression of its downstream targets: fatty acid synthase, fatty acid carboxylase, acetyl-CoA synthase and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) (Laplante & Sabatini, 2009a).
However, the insect possesses endogenous pathways for amino acid synthesis that may be complemented or augmented by microbial pathways, including complete pathways for the synthesis of alanine, aspartic acid, asparagine, proline, cysteine, glycine, and serine and for the synthesis of tyrosine from phenylalanine.
The ability to simultaneously block the synthesis of chitin and β-1,3-glucan represents a major opportunity for future strategies to augment the range and cidality of echinocandins.
In addition we observed, that inhibiting protein synthesis augmented the transcriptional up-regulation of direct Notch target genes, indicating the presence of a negative feedback loop requiring the synthesis of a repressive protein.
Alternatively, the catabolic response might augment cellular availability beyond that found under normal, fed, conditions, when insulin stimulates the uptake of amino acids into tissues and the synthesis of proteins in a variety of ways.
