NAC, a derivative of cysteine, augments the synthesis of glutathione both in vitro (Phelps et al., 1992) and in vivo (Borok et al., 1991a), thus contributing to the replenishment of glutathione stores and bolstering epithelial cell antioxidant defence.
At a biochemical level, physical activity and exercise augment the synthesis of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, also known as BDNF, which enhances brain plasticity by changing the structure of the neuron and strengthening its signalling capability [ 42, 43].
It binds to TLR-4 initiating down-stream NF-κB signaling cascade [ 36] substantially augmenting the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-1β [ 37].
These results suggest that MIF can augment the synthesis and release of TNF-α, and that when this stimulus is removed the plasma levels of TNF-α should fall.
These effects might be augmented by reducing the synthesis of proteinases (MMPs) [ 18- 20], or by increasing the expression of tissue inhibitors of MMP (TIMPs) [ 20, 21].
The differentiated mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) seeded on PLGA GCH or PLGA scaffold were incubated in vitro and showed that, compared to PLGA scaffold, the PLGA GCH scaffold significantly augmented the proliferation of MSCs and GAG synthesis.
The process is augmented by synthesis of dihydroxyacetone phosphate, a precursor of glycerol-3-PO4, and fatty acids from glucose.
However, the insect possesses endogenous pathways for amino acid synthesis that may be complemented or augmented by microbial pathways, including complete pathways for the synthesis of alanine, aspartic acid, asparagine, proline, cysteine, glycine, and serine and for the synthesis of tyrosine from phenylalanine.
