When a stimulus, like an auditory tone, occurs at the same time as a painful or otherwise aversive event, the tone comes to be associated with the pain and thereby acquires the capacity to trigger a protective fear (defense) response on its own.
The bottom line represents a continuous stretch of sensory experience, a continuous auditory tone, let's suppose.
Assistance was provided to drivers through a visual dashboard display, a multimodal visual dashboard and auditory tone combination, or a haptic accelerator pedal.
As a result, a non-interactive talking avatar may impose on users to evaluate the message based on superficial and peripheral cues such as visual image and auditory tone.
When a visual stimulus temporally predicts an auditory tone onset ('when' information), the amplitude of the N1-P2 complex is reduced compared to a temporally unpredictable tone (e.g., Ford et al., 2007; Sowman, Kuusik, & Johnson, 2012).
Identical auditory tone as described above and visual stimuli of 500-ms high-contrast checkerboard patterns were presented singly or in identical pairs with an IPI of 1 s.
Evoked potentials recordings were performed in 29 epileptic patients with multilead electrodes implanted for presurgical evaluation, who agreed to participate in an experimental protocol consisting of a series of paradigms designed using a warning auditory tone, two distinct visual patterns and various attentional, memory, motor and decisional tasks.
We manipulated (1) the predictive strength of a visual cue (five different cue colors vs. one [grey] color), (2) the probability of an auditory tone to occur (80% standard, 20% deviant tones), and (3) temporal predictability (predictable vs. unpredictable tone onset).
Pressing the active lever produced an auditory tone coupled with the delivery of 1 food pellet.
Twenty-four trials were presented in which subjects were instructed to remember the pitch of the auditory tone indicating the subject to sniff.
During fear conditioning, an initially neutral conditioned stimulus (CS, e.g. an auditory tone) acquires biological significance by becoming associated with an aversive unconditioned stimulus (US, e.g. a footshock).
