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Prioritizes narrative, auditory instruction over text.
In each experiment, upon hearing an auditory instruction naming one of two depicted objects, participants had to respond by pressing one of two buttons (corresponding to the left-hand or right-hand object).
Each block started with a different auditory instruction presented 1.75 s before the block indicated the nature of the block: for the execution block 'action' (400 ms), for the observation block 'look' (400 ms) words were presented; for the joint action blocks a sine wave (440 Hz) tone was presented.
During each 22-second trial, participants first fixated for 6 seconds and then saw a sad or neutral image for 11 seconds with an auditory instruction presented 3 6 seconds after image onset.
Each trial started with an auditory instruction presenting either the autobiographical cue, the Portuguese equivalent for the word "rest" for resting trials, or a randomly chosen start number higher than 99 for the serial 7′s subtractions (Fig. 1).
Second, in support of the notion that this predictive motor information is directly related to the 'intention' to make a movement, accurate classification never arises prior to the subject being aware of which action to execute (i.e., prior to the auditory instruction delivered at the initiation of the Plan phase).
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In the current task, participants followed auditory instructions to move objects in a set of shelves.
We also found that simple auditory route instructions could be followed without significant interference to a simulated driving task, whereas more complex auditory instructions did cause interference.
Although auditory information in mobile learning (m-learning) can be an important resource for delivering knowledge and information, the importance of guidelines for designing auditory instructions has largely been overlooked.
In the meantime, each of them received different auditory instructions: the experimenter received auditory instructions indicating where (left or right) she should move her stick; the participant received auditory instructions indicating the geometrical shape (an angle or a straight line) that they would need to create together.
At the end of both joint action and execution trials, they released their sticks and had to place their index finger back onto the starting buttons and wait for the auditory instructions of the next trial.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.
Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com