This discrepancy is attributed to the inlet turbulence structure differing from that inherent to the shear velocity profile.
As suggested by Stamou (2002), these differences can be partly attributed to the additional turbulence created by the 41 columns in the tank, which are not taken into account for in the CFD-model.
It is attributed to the absorption of turbulence caused by the nanopowders.
The density-dependence of inertial pressure losses has been widely attributed to the presence of turbulence in the upper airways and bronchi; however, several authors have noted that even under laminar flow conditions pressure losses may maintain an inertial dependence due to convective acceleration occurring as flow changes direction, for example, at airway bifurcations [ 12- 14, 22, 23].
The increase of mass transfer which amounted up to 150% was attributed to the generation of acoustic turbulence close to the wall.
The increase in the acoustic power for fuel-lean flames with the turbulence level is attributed to the increase in higher-frequency components of the acoustic pressure.
The ion-scale spectral break is often attributed to the scale at which the Alfvénic turbulence, thought to exist above the ion scales [ Alexandrova et al., 2013; Bruno and Carbone, 2013], becomes dispersive at the transition to kinetic Alfvén turbulence, thought to exist at smaller scales [ Podesta, 2013; Chen et al., 2013a].
However, the increased turbulence kinetic energy production attributed to the disks is a large fraction of the power abstracted by them.
This difference in formaldehyde signal enhancement could be attributed to the expansion of the preheat zone, due to turbulence.
The loose crystal deposition was attributed to the absence of hydraulic pressure, low feed temperature, high turbulence (Re = 5665.6) and short membrane retention time (21.6 s).
