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The differences are attributed to the refinement of dislocation debris dominating down-rate change responses.
An increase of 26% in strength was observed compared to the control formulation with 15% EMD amendment at similar water-cement ratio along with a reduction in water absorption of hardened SCPs which may be attributed to the refinement in microstructure obtained by the production of calcium carbonate predominantly as a result of the reaction between microorganisms and calcium hydroxide.
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This result was attributed to the microstructure refinement strengthening, dispersion strengthening and second phase strengthening effects.
The improvement of the mechanical performance is mainly attributed to the grain refinement by the primary Al3(Sc, Zr) and the dispersion strengthening of the secondary Al3(Sc, Zr).
As the milling time increases, the intensities of Mg, Mg2Cu, and Cu peaks gradually decrease, and the corresponding widths broaden, which is mainly attributed to the grain refinement and accumulation of microstrain during the ball milling.
The strengthening mechanism was investigated and elucidated that the mechanical strength was attributed to the grain refinement and dispersion strengthening of the homogenously dispersed, in situ formed TiC particulates, as well as a solid solution strengthening of the carbon, oxygen and nitrogen elements in the Ti matrix.
Its formation can be attributed to the effective microstructure refinement and high deformation energy storage during the electroplastic deformation process.
The enhanced corrosion resistance was attributed to the dissolution or refinement of carbide particles and the presence of retained austenite.
The strong strain hardening under dynamic shear loading can be attributed to the dynamic grain refinement and deformation twinning that accompany the homogeneous shear deformation.
This can be attributed to the improvement of the coatings to the refinement of the microstructure both in grain sizes and their homogeneous distribution in the coatings.
The transformation difference in grain refinement was attributed to the impact frequency, which appeared to be higher for the smaller balls.
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