The direct effects of metformin have been attributed to the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a serine/threonine protein kinase involved in maintaining metabolic homeostasis that is sensitive to increases in the intracellular ratio of AMP to ATP [ 19, 20].
Much of FGF19 activity is attributed to the activation of the liver enriched FGF Receptor 4 (FGFR4), although FGF19 can activate other FGFRs in vitro in the presence of the coreceptor βKlotho (KLB).
The beneficial effects of PSK have been attributed to the activation of leucocyte chemotactic locomotion and phagocytic activity (Torisu et al, 1990).
The in situ formation of surface defects is attributed to the activation of the catalyst, whereas the generation of an active carbonaceous deposit on the catalyst surface is found to be less relevant.
Although many compounds exhibited effects which could not be attributed to the activation of BK channels, two derivatives showed a clear profile of BK-activators with vasodilator activity comparable to or slightly lower than that recorded for the reference benzimidazolone NS1619.
The circadian and circannual periodicity of the attacks is attributed to the activation of the HS.
The action of oestrogen has traditionally been attributed to the activation of nuclear receptors (ERα and ERβ).
The gradual rise in the capacities in the sample with low Co content has been attributed to the activation of these electrodes on repeated cycling.
The in situ FTIR indicated that the reaction was mainly attributed to the activation of acetone via the abstraction of Hα by basic sites.
The trigger for hepato- and immuno-reproductive, reproductive, and developmental effects as well as carcinogenesis of PFCs may be partially or completely attributed to the activation of the PPARα.
The curvature generation rates attributed to the activation of Frank-Read sources, cross slip sources, and glissile junctions are begin{array}{*{20}l} dot q_{text{fr}}&=frac{2pi}{5} v rho_{text{FR}}^{2}, end{array} (86).
