Attributing fitness decline to just the observed base mutation rate may often be a mistake.
We present a model system for studying the evolution of biological function, which makes it possible to attribute fitness to genotypes in a natural way.
We cannot attribute fitness differences between the two groups to specific breeding or rearing protocols because we cannot know precisely where the hatchery fish originated (i.e., Issaquah, UW, or more distant facilities).
These observed departures could be attributed to fitness differences between homologous chromosomes in heterozygotes, non-random disjunction of the two arrangements during achiasmate segregation in female meioses (meiotic drive), or some combination of fitness effects and meiotic drive effects.
These deviations from Mendelian expectations can be attributed to fitness differences between the wild-type chromosomes and the mutant marker chromosomes, meiotic drive due to achiasmate pairing of homologues in heterokaryotypic females during meiosis, or some combination of both mechanisms.
Some authors have attributed general fitness, age, muscle strength, and pain coping strategies to radiographic severity and non-operative outcome of patients with spinal stenosis [ 23].
However, these models are unsuitable for addressing the question of whether SRD can prevent the invasion of horizontal transmission because neither model attributes any fitness cost to horizontal transmission specifically.
Laura Tauscher, chief executive of Overtime Fitness, attributed low membership rates to logistics: its location requires pickup and drop-off for teenagers who do not drive.
The excellent selectivity of 1 for F− can be attributed to the fitness in the acidity of its NH-group, which is tuned to be able to distinguish the subtle difference in the affinity of F−, AcO−, and H2PO4− to NH proton.
Elsewhere, in a 10-year study of an MRSA population in a London hospital, Knight et al 22 noted a similar shift in dominant strain from CC30 to CC22, and attributed it to fitness advantage in CC22 after acquisition of additional resistances.
