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In the context of existing work, these results add to the suggestion that observational relations between l-ascorbic acid and cardiometabolic health may be attributable to confounding and reverse causation.
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ARHI is a complex, multifactorial trait that is attributable to confounding intrinsic and extrinsic factors.
Age-related hearing impairment (ARHI) is a complex, multifactorial disorder that is attributable to confounding intrinsic and extrinsic factors.
Results of our simulations suggest that a substantial proportion of the association between prenatal PFAS and birth weight may be attributable to confounding by GFR and that confounding by GFR may be more important in studies with sample collection later in pregnancy.
Rather than suggesting that GFR is the sole driver of the association between prenatal PFAS and birth weight, our results indicate that a portion of the association may be attributable to confounding by GFR, and that effect estimates may be overpredicted in epidemiologic studies where GFR is not accounted for.
Similar trends were observed with 129X1/SVJ congenic animals indicating that MRSA mortality was controlled by Perforin-2 and not attributable to confounding passenger mutations or genetic background differences between 129X1/SVJ and C57Bl/6 mice (Vanden Berghe et al., 2015).
In this study, we assessed how much of the epidemiologic association between prenatal PFOS and PFOA (PFAS thereafter) exposure and birth weight could be attributable to confounding by GFR.
The extent to which the association between prenatal exposure to PCBs and birth weight is attributable to confounding by gestational weight gain has not been adequately considered.
Furthermore, there is an association between shift work and CHD (86), raising the possibility that the association between long working hours and CHD may be attributable to confounding by shift work.
However, data on intestinal FA distribution remained scarce and have been mostly reported in CF mice model with diverging conclusions attributable to confounding variables such as age, types of mice models and diets [4], [37], [38].
Conclusion: Our findings suggest that associations previously noted between PCB levels and birth weight may be attributable to confounding by maternal weight gain during pregnancy.
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