In 2015, lung cancer accounted for an estimated 221,200 new cancer diagnoses and 158,040 deaths in the United States, with the majority being attributable to cigarette smoking.
A variety of miRNAs have been implicated in the pathogenesis of human lung cancers, the vast majority of which are directly attributable to cigarette smoking [5], [6].
The vast majority of lung cancers are directly attributable to cigarette abuse [38]; furthermore, a substantial number of lung cancers in never-smokers are due to environmental tobacco exposure (passive smoking) [39].
In 1984, the US Surgeon General [ 1] concluded that, in the United States, 80to90%0% of morbidity from COPD is attributable to cigarette smoking.
Approximately 20 to 30% of renal cell cancers among men and 10 to 20% among women are estimated to be attributable to cigarette smoking [ 89, 97, 98].
99 Approximately 20%to30%0% of renal cell cancers among men and 10%to20%0% among women are estimated to be attributable to cigarette smoking.
2 In countries that have seen a high prevalence of smoking, around 90% of diagnoses of lung cancer are attributable to cigarette smoking.
In the world, over 2.5 million deaths annually can be attributed to obesity; in the U.S. alone over 400,000 deaths attributable to obesity occur per year second only to those attributable to cigarette smoking.
Worldwide tobacco use causes more than 5 million deaths per year, and if smoking prevalence continues to increase in the developing world, the number of annual deaths attributable to cigarette smoking will be more than 8 million by 2030 [ 1].
Because of China's large smoking population and high rates of mortality attributable to cigarette smoking, several researchers argued for more effective, broadly applied smoking control strategies in China which could prevent at least 50 million deaths [ 2, 10].
