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Period effects tend to influence all individuals simultaneously during a particular time period regardless of their age, whilst birth-cohort effects are attributable to certain factors related to the birth year.
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Attributable fractions (AF) assess the proportion of cases in a population attributable to certain risk factors but are infrequently reported and mostly calculated without considering potential confounders.
What these studies allow us to do is estimate the heritability of an outcome - the proportion of variability in the outcome that can be attributed to genetic factors across a population (and therefore also the proportion attributable to environmental factors).
The shortfall in revenue, analysts said, was attributable to two factors.
Biases attributable to these factors led to deviations from expected PCR product ratios by 6%to38%8%.
Between 40% and 80% of the variation in human intelligence (IQ) is attributable to genetic factors.
However, concerns were raised that estimates of the risk attributable to individual factors may be unreliable.
The authors acknowledge that their results could be attributable to unknown factors, like parental I.Q., or the use of alcohol, tobacco or drugs.
In antitrust cases where suppliers increase their prices, courts frequently must separate the price increase attributable to anticompetitive conduct (i.e., the "overcharge") from the price increase attributable to legitimate factors.
Many tumours and cancers are believed to involve epigenetic changes attributable to environmental factors.
The WHO has reported that 23% of deaths in the developing world are attributable to environmental factors, one of which is pollution, and that environmental risk factors contribute to more than 80% of regularly reported diseases.
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