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The I² statistic is derived from Cochran's Q that is, [(Q−df/Q)×100] and measures the proportion of overall variation that is attributable to between study heterogeneity.
Chi-square test was used to evaluate the presence of statistically significant heterogeneity across studies, whose variance proportion attributable to between studies heterogeneity was expressed calculating the I statistic.
Although the was no significant difference between most subgroups with metaregression, study heterogeneity (I 2 = 21.00%) in this meta-analysis indicated the subtotal variation was attributable to between individual studies.
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From the sum of the squares of the weighted errors, ( {Q}_E={{displaystyle sum_ileft(frac{y_i-{mathbf{x}}_iwidehat{boldsymbol{upbeta}}}{sigma_i}right)}}^2 ) (Lipsey and Wilson 2001) it is possible to calculate the measure of the percentage of the residual variation that is attributable to between-study heterogeneity: {I}^2= max left{frac{Q_E-left n-kright)}{Q_E-left n-kright
The I2 statistic is calculated from Q and can be interpreted as the percentage variability in study results attributable to between-study differences [ 12].
We also noted that 94% of the observed variability in 1-year average PM10 could be attributable to between-community difference.
An intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was calculated for the FUM to represent the proportion of variance in the dependent variable that was attributable to between-hospital differences.
Between-study heterogeneity was assessed using Cochran Q test and the percentage of total variation in study estimates attributable to between-study heterogeneity (I 2 ).
The I2 statistic is calculated from Q and can be interpreted as the percentage variability in study results attributable to between-study differences rather than chance [ 11].
We assessed between-study heterogeneity using Cochran Q test and the percentage of total variation in study estimates attributable to between-study heterogeneity (I) (27).
Between-country heterogeneity was assessed using the I statistic, i.e. the percentage of variation in the HR that was attributable to between-country heterogeneity [ 25].
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