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If there is a lot of heterogeneity within block groups, then the probability of exposure misclassification would be increased in our study; however, census blocks are considered relatively homogenous in demographics, with most variation attributable between tracts [ 39].
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We assessed between-study heterogeneity using Cochran Q test and the percentage of total variation in study estimates attributable to between-study heterogeneity (I) (27).
Between-study heterogeneity was assessed using Cochran Q test and the percentage of total variation in study estimates attributable to between-study heterogeneity (I 2 ).
Between-country heterogeneity was assessed using the I statistic, i.e. the percentage of variation in the HR that was attributable to between-country heterogeneity [ 25].
The I2 statistic is calculated from Q and can be interpreted as the percentage variability in study results attributable to between-study differences [ 12].
We also noted that 94% of the observed variability in 1-year average PM10 could be attributable to between-community difference.
An intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was calculated for the FUM to represent the proportion of variance in the dependent variable that was attributable to between-hospital differences.
The I2 statistic is calculated from Q and can be interpreted as the percentage variability in study results attributable to between-study differences rather than chance [ 11].
We calculated the I2 statistic for each analysis as a measure of the proportion of the overall variation that is attributable to between-study heterogeneity[ 11].
3, 43 We calculated the I statistic for each analysis as a measure of the proportion of the overall variation that is attributable to between-study heterogeneity.
Heterogeneity between WHO region summary estimates was assessed using the I statistic which describes the proportion of the variation in effect estimates attributable to between-study variation rather than chance.
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