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Virus infection causes biochemical, cellular, molecular, and physiological changes in host plants [ 13, 33, 34], some of which increase plant attractiveness and preference to vectors [ 35- 40].
The realized heritabilities in both attractiveness and preference are inconsistent in magnitude and direction among lines such that the mean heritability estimates are small, and not significantly different from zero (Table 2).
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Here we investigate several unresolved aspects of mating preferences in Drosophila melanogaster by using isogenic lines to measure attractiveness and preferences.
Thus, our results provide a new perspective on the nature of sexual selection in general, and mating preference functions in particular, whose complexity will have to be embraced in future studies of the genetic underpinnings of attractiveness and preferences.
Importantly, we demonstrate that attractiveness and preferences of both males and females have a substantial genetic component, a result that agrees well with many other studies of the genetic basis of traits involved in sexual selection in a wide range of taxa (Merilä and Sheldon 1999; Rodriguez et al. 2013).
In the partitioned-aquaria trials, male attractiveness and female preference for attractive males were measured as described above for selection.
These results indicate that there may be a fecundity cost associated with male attractiveness and female preference for attractive males.
Our measures of male attractiveness and female preference were designed to capture these traits for the block as a whole so that preference-display runaways within selection lines do not obscure changes in the treatments relative to other lines within the block.
The level of body pattern symmetry often correlates with attractiveness and mate preference, such as with swordtail fish Xiphophorus cortezi (Morris, 1998) and human beings (Rikowski and Grammer, 1999).
Jones said previous studies, testing thousands of women on the internet, showed a similar relationship between women's beliefs about their own attractiveness and their preferences for masculine characteristics in men's faces.
An advantage over designs in which males and females are randomly paired and mated is that if mate choice is possible, linkage disequilibrium between male attractiveness and female preferences [ 1, 6] may be maintained [ 51, 52].
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