The kairomone consisted of the aggregation pheromone components (MB and cV, from I. typographus [24], and -ipsdienol and E-myrcenol, from I. duplicatus [70]) combined with conifer monoterpenes (α-pinene, terpinolene, Δ3-carene, an attractant blend for Tomicus spp. bark beetles [30], [71]).
In the attracting blend of terpenoids produced by M. aquatica, -pulegone was found to be the major compound in undamaged leaves and a potent attractant to C. herbacea in olfactometer bioassays.
Here we report on the development and field evaluation of a highly attractive odor blend consisting of synthetic versions of known mosquito attractants [6], [12], [13], [15]: carbon dioxide, ammonia, L-lactic acid and seven other aliphatic carboxylic acids, namely propionic acid, butanoic acid, pentanoic acid, 3-methylbutanoic acid, heptanoic acid, octanoic acid and tetradecanoic acid.
For its latest work, Tumlinson's team knew that corn plants release a potent wasp attractant--a blend of terpenoids and indole--when under attack from the beet armyworm caterpillar.
In the present study, the attractants in the blends of host and non-host plants have been identified and compared (Fig. S1).
These were the concentrations at which the individual candidate attractants needed to be added so as to obtain a blend maximally attractive to laboratory-reared An. gambiae s.s.s
This enabled high-throughput optimization of concentrations at which the individual candidate attractants needed to be added so as to obtain a blend maximally attractive to laboratory-reared An. gambiae.
This could mean that the key attractants responsible for the attractiveness of the S. littoralis-induced blend were also emitted by E. variegatus-infested plants, albeit in much lower quantities, prompting the insect to respond to them only in the absence of stronger cues.
The two other bark beetles whose attractants we used in the kairomone blend, I. duplicatus and Tomicus spp, were not caught as trapping was done outside their distribution area or flight periods, respectively.
Here we report the development and field evaluation of an odor blend consisting of known mosquito attractants namely carbon dioxide, ammonia and carboxylic acids, which was optimized at distances comparable with attractive ranges of humans to mosquitoes.
On the basis of this observation and also because the experimental huts were located 10 100 metres apart, this synthetic blend may best be described as a medium to long range attractant rather than as a short range attractant [24].
