At the same time, CD28 co-stimulation may somehow limit Th17 differentiation to attenuate tissue damage.
Previously, it has been shown that extracellular superoxide dismutase (SOD3) can attenuate tissue damage and inflammation but so far its mechanism of action has not been completely defined [23] [27].
However, BN52021 could attenuate tissue damage caused by these abnormalities [ 10], including suppressing PAF induced paw swelling [ 25].
Furthermore, shRNA-2B improved mouse survival rate, reduced the viral tissues titers and attenuated tissue damage compared with those of the shRNA-NC treated control group.
Corticosteroids suppress systemic inflammation in ARDS patients [ 29], and together with a neuraminidase inhibitor may attenuate tissue damage during experimental influenza infection [ 30].
When used as an adjunct to standard glycemic management, this approach could significantly attenuate tissue damage due to oxidative stress in patients with diabetes.
In dogs, delaying hypothermia by 15 min obscured the benefit in functional outcome as compared with that with immediate hypothermia [ 13]; however, it might have attenuated tissue damage, as detected histologically.
Importantly, the use of small molecules or gene therapy strategies to attenuate ER stress or artificially engage UPR responses may have a beneficial impact to attenuate tissue damage and enhance locomotor recovery in conditions affecting the function of the spinal cord.
In addition, PPARγ agonists rosiglitazone and 15d-PGJ2 have been reported to effectively attenuate tissue damage caused by ischaemia reperfusion in animal models (Lin et al, 2006; Shimazu et al, 2005; Sundararajan et al, 2005) and may modulate Ca2+ signalling and homeostasis in neurons (Pancani et al, 2009).
In the acute phase, this reduction may, in fact, attenuate tissue damage.
