Examples of the avoidance behavior of SHS included the following general actions: (1) Refusing to enter an environment where SHS is present; (2) Controlling passive exposure by requesting smokers to stop smoking; (3) Attenuating exposure when unable to fully withdraw from SHS; for instance, opening the window to diffuse the smoke in the room.
Calcium supplementation may attenuate fetal exposure by inhibiting mobilization of maternal bone lead and/or intestinal absorption of ingested lead.
Since non-differential classification errors are expected to attenuate results, exposure and outcome misclassification cannot plausibly account for our positive association [ 28].
However, PXR is present in CNS capillaries [18] where it directly up-regulates p-glycoprotein, perhaps forming a mechanism to attenuate brain exposure when plasma cortisol levels are chronically high.
We found that PKG-1α enzyme activity was attenuated by exposure to the NO donor, spermine NONOate, hydrogen peroxide, and peroxynitrite but not by superoxide, suggesting that the attenuation of PKG-1α activity may be an under-appreciated mechanism underlying the development of endothelial dysfunction in a number of cardiovascular diseases.
In contrast to cytokines, some genes stimulated by SMM were attenuated by exposure to AZT (Table 6; Supporting Information, Table S3).
Proteasome activity was attenuated following exposure of cells to FHA for 2 hours, as was the nuclear translocation of RelA in BEAS-2B cells.
In some groups, sporozoites P. yoelii 265BY were attenuated by exposure to 80 Gy of γ-radiation (Cesium source at Necker Hospital, Paris, France).
Importantly, the improved bacterial clearance observed after ouabain treatment in CLP mice was attenuated by exposure to HuR siRNA (Fig 7D).
Again, PAN-induced proteinuria and glomerular lesions can be attenuated by exposure to antioxidants, suggesting that excessive ROS production is a pathogenic mechanism also in this condition (42).
