Melander found that states with higher rates of gender inequity, as measured by female participation in parliament and female to male higher education attainment ratio, have higher rates of intrastate conflict [ 12].
Additionally, measures of gender inequality that have been previously linked to conflict in other research (female participation in parliament and female to male higher education attainment ratio) should be included in human security frameworks.
Several measures have been developed to understand gender equity at the country level, including UN Women's Indicators and Statistics Database, GenderStats, and the World Economic Forum's Gender Gap Project, and many studies analyze other measures including female to male education attainment ratio, female representation in parliament, life expectancy, literacy, and participation in democracy.
Melander reproduced these findings, demonstrating that societies with higher female representation in parliament and higher female to male education attainment ratios have lower levels of internal conflict [ 12].
The strongest predictor of success was academic attainment (odds ratio 10.35, 95% confidence interval 8.01 to 13.27, P<0.001), in these cases measured using a standardised UCAS tariff.
Compared with non-Hispanic whites, Asian Americans had the highest risk for incident diabetes after adjusting for age, study arm, baseline BMI, physical activity, dietary quality, smoking status, family history of diabetes, and educational attainment (hazard ratio [HR] 1.86 [95% CI 1.68−2.06]).
In models adjusted for age, sex, BMI, smoking status, and educational attainment, the ratio of geometric means of arsenic exposure comparing cases and noncases was 1.00 (95%, 0.78 1.29), 0.96 (95%, 0.84 1.09), and 1.06 (95%, 0.95 1.19) for TWA, total urinary arsenic, and urinary creatinine-adjusted arsenic, respectively.
It is quite remarkable that the college attainment gender gap (ratio of women to men with college education) has also declined and was eventually reversed, from 0.6 in 1977 to 1.4 in 2013.24 However, there are still substantial gender differences in the college degrees that are pursued by men and women.
βm and βs were adjusted for age, education attainment, poverty-income ratio, smoking, systolic blood pressure, C-reactive protein, and waist circumference.
The analysis of variance revealed a significant main effect of phase [ F 2,52) = 22.1, P < 0.001], reflecting the attainment of higher ratios by both groups in phase 2, when the reinforcer consisted of two pellets, than in phases 1 and 3, when it consisted of a single pellet.
Efficiency is the ratio of attainment (above the minimum possible in the absence of the resources) to the maximum possible attainment (also above the minimum).
