Furthermore, individual and item differences could be explained substantially by the test-taker's educational attainment, language, and cognitive skill level, and by the item's difficulty and position.
Alternatively, immigrants might have different knowledge and perceptions of job risks than natives due to their educational attainment, language proficiency or social capital (Marvasti 2010).
At the person level, we tested the effects of educational attainment, language, gender, age, and cognitive skill on individual test-taking disengagement in literacy, numeracy, and problem solving.
Including the background variables that served as selection criteria in the adaptive design (i.e., educational attainment, language, score in the cognitive pre-test) makes the assumption that the not-administered items were missing at random (MAR) more justifiable.
To address the second research aim, we first tested Model 1 with person characteristics (X_{p,k}) as predictors, that is, educational attainment, language, gender, age group, and cognitive skill.
We start by investigating whether, after accounting for a variety of factors potentially correlated to immigrants' higher work injury rates –such as educational attainment, language proficiency, assimilation to the host country or industry and occupation of employment, we observe significant differences in work injury and fatality rates by nativity and region of origin.
Thus, whether test-takers in the Canadian sample were more or less disengaged could be explained by educational attainment, native language, and cognitive skill level, as well as by age for problem solving only.
Two variables, educational attainment and language (ability to speak English or French) did not load onto a single factor.
Second, some data were only available for women at the time of landing, such as education attainment and language ability.
While factors such as place of residence, educational attainment and language are not easily modifiable, treatment practices can be adjusted more readily.
To compare the preventive health behaviors of the samples, within a generalized estimating equation framework, weighted univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted controlling for age, educational attainment, employment, language, and insurance status.
