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Accurate segregation of sister chromatids during mitosis requires the establishment of proper attachment of each chromosome to the spindle apparatus (Funabiki and Wynne, 2013; Sarangapani and Asbury, 2014).
The SAC has been shown to be required for the fidelity of chromosome segregation in mitosis, verifying the correct attachment of each pair of sister chromatids to the opposite poles of the bipolar spindle via their kinetochores [2].
This separation and movement to opposite poles are mediated by the attachment of each kinetochore to microtubules utilising another apparatus that binds directly to microtubules [ 1,4 6].
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) play a key role in the faithful translation of the genetic code since they catalyse the attachment of each amino acid to its cognate tRNA.
The prior attachment of each basal body to a mitotic spindle pole 'ensures' each basal body drags a haploid genome into the gamete; the gamete then swims through the dense mosquito bloodmeal using alternating periods of fast and slow rotary 'ambidextrous' sinusoidal waves (Sinden and Croll, 1975; Wilson et al., 2013).
One explanation for our lack of finding a cost in newly-emerged adults is that newly emerged damselflies must contend with parasitic water mites in addition to repairing wounds inflicted by mites piercing the cuticle (melanin is often observed at the attachment of each mite; T. Robb personal observation).
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For example, it shows that two different mechanisms operate during nanotube growth: (1) growth by precursor addition, and (2) oriented attachment of nanotubes to each other.
The observation of sperm groups in the Norway rat and the house mouse is consistent with our hypothesis that the apical hook plays a role in sperm cooperation in rodents, although in these species the main function of the hook appears to be to maintain the stability of sperm groups rather than the actual attachment of sperm to each other.
A few points of attachment sites of each cardiac valve were marked and connected using a tool called "spline" Fig. 3 Surface geometry in STL (Stereolithography or Standard Tessellation Language) file from the patient shown in Fig. 2.
Table 1 provides an overview of the attachment points of each of the neck muscles, the innervating nerves, the probable functions of the muscles, and any points of contention with previous studies.
Attachment sites of each muscle were photographed and noted on various 2D projections of previously generated μCT-based 3D volume renderings of the syringeal skeleton.
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