In the astrocyte, glutamate is predominantly converted to glutamine by the ATP-dependent glutamine synthase, which is located almost exclusively in astrocytes [ 90– 95, 96] 96].
The newly produced glutamate will be actively removed from mitochondria by the cytosolic ATP-dependent glutamine synthase, and at high cytosolic ATP, the phosphorylated glutamine transporters will pump out glutamine from the astrocyte [ 105].
GdhA, glutamate dehydrogenase, is part of the ATP-dependent glutamate synthase pathway, catalyzing amination of alpha-ketoglutarate to glutamate (Veronese et al. 1975) and is one of the two pathways ammonium nitrogens are assimilated in bacteria to produce glutamate.
Sequence alignments show that the gamma subunit (Tph_c27380) of T. phaeum shares some similarities with proton-dependent ATP synthase but also with sodium-dependent ATP synthase.
JAR1 encodes an ATP-dependent JA-amido synthase that conjugates isoleucine with JA to form JAile, which plays an essential role in JA signaling.
To measure the K+ permeability through Cx43 hemichannels, other mitochondrial channels including ATP-dependent potassium channels, ATP-synthase, and MPTP were blocked with glibenclamide, oligomycin, and cyclosporine A. Mitochondria treated with NO donors showed a significant higher refilling rate of K+.
In the present work, among the proteins with decreased phosphorylation levels at the beginning of differentiation program induced by ATRA, we found 3 mitochondrial proteins: stress-70 protein, ATP synthase and ATP-dependent Clp protease.
Glutamine and aspartate are used as substrates for the synthesis of glutamate and asparagine, in an ATP-dependent reaction catalysed by asparagine synthase (ASN; EC 6.3.5.4)(for review: [ 24]).
This was performed in 2 ml isolation buffer as well as in 2 ml succinate buffer supplemented with inhibitors for MPTP, ATP-synthase, and ATP-dependent potassium channels as described above at high sensitivity.
The proton gradient formed by Ech can be used by a H+-dependent F1FO ATP synthase to drive phosphorylation of ADP.
Of the 19 TDFs, putatively encoding ATP synthase, glycine dehydrogenase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, ATP-dependent RNA helicase, T-complex protein, enolase and conserved hypothetical proteins, 11 had significant homologies (e < 1 × 10-20) to P. graminis f. sp. tritici genes.
