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Phosphorylation of Y1135 and Y1131 destabilizes the auto-inhibitory conformation of the activation loop, whereas phosphorylation of Y1136 stabilizes the catalytically optimized conformation [5], allowing substrate and ATP access.
Furthermore new and effective drugs bind PKs close but not in the ATP site and occlude ATP access to the kinase to retard enzyme activity [ 17].
These changes of the a-loop conformation allow the substrate and ATP access, further increasing the intrinsic TK activity towards phosphorylation of other tyrosines in the receptor and subsequently of exogenous substrate proteins.
If HK2 binding exerts a similar effect, maintaining its presence during ischaemia by preconditioning will reduce ATP access to the mitochondria and hence support lower rates of ATP hydrolysis as observed, while still allowing free permeation of PCr to the cytosol on reperfusion.
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In this model, substrate partitions into the large chamber cradled by the two TMDs and is pushed along to the outer membrane leaflet by ATP-induced alternating access of the chamber.
Tyrosine self-phosphorylation changes the conformation of the activity loop, facilitating the access of ATP into the ATP-binding pocket and activating ALK.
HKI benefits from preferential access to ATP produced in the mitochondria, while local ADP generation by HKI facilitates the exchange of ADP and ATP through the inner mitochondrial membrane [8], [9].
In Drosophila flight muscle, glycolytic multienzyme complexes provide myosin ATPases with preferential access to ATP when brought in close vicinity by physical protein-protein interactions [52].
This conformation of A-loop shrinks the original entry/exit gate, which hinders the access of ATP and protein substrates to the kinase catalytic site.
One possible explanation is that phosphorylation of these residues would antagonize phosphorylation of the relevant Thr-474 residue by blocking the conformational change that permits unrestricted access of ATP and protein substrates to the kinase active site, as that deduced from crystal structures of phosphorylated active kinases [35], [36].
MtCK is specifically located in the intermembrane space of mitochondria with preferential access to ATP generated by OP via adenine nucleotide translocator (ANT) of the mitochondrial inner membrane.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com