For spectroscopy, atomic absorption spectra can be practiced by moving virtual samples into a flame[17].
Electronic absorption spectra, atomic absorption spectra, Fourier Transform infrared spectra, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were all used in clay characterization and in intercalation study.
Different ions existed inside the pre-calcinated natural clay and were analyzed in the nitric acid solution, by atomic absorption spectra, including Ca2+ (1.0 %), Fe2+/Fe3+ (~2.0 %), Mg2+ (0.5 %) and others in trace amounts.
Then, the leaves were oven-dried for 48 h at 65 °C, for determining LMA (dry mass/area), the ratio of leaf water to dry mass (Wm), carbon content (C) using the Walkley Black wet oxidation method, N content by the micro-Kjeldahl method and P content using atomic absorption spectrum-photometry.
Equilibrium concentrations were measured by using flame atomic absorption photometer (Spectra AA 20) in an air-acetylene flame.
Determination of heavy metals, that is, nickel, copper, zinc, cadmium, and lead, was done by atomic absorption spectrophotometer (Spectra-AA-700).
Amount of leached iron was determined with the aid of atomic absorption spectrometer (Varian, Spectra AA 220).
Atomic absorption spectrophotometry (Varian Spectra AA-10 Model) was used to measure serum zinc levels.
PbB was analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometry (Varian Spectra AA-30; SiberHegner Pte Ltd., Victoria, Australia) with a graphite furnace.
All of the samples were assessed using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (Varian Spectra AA 200, GTA-100, Australia).
At the time this manuscript was written, SpectraPlot consisted of four primary tools for calculating: (1) atomic and molecular absorption spectra, (2) atomic and molecular emission spectra, (3) transition linestrengths, and (4) blackbody emission spectra.
