Sentence examples for atom caused by from inspiring English sources

This is in agreement with the increased shielding of a P atom caused by additional alkyl-moieties in the γ-position relative to the P nuclei.

We attribute this to a parametric heating of atoms caused by a residual standing-wave field, which is created by a partial reflection (~0.5 %) of the lattice laser by a viewport.

The spatial variation of chemical potential of solute atoms caused by the coupling between channel dislocations and misfit stress is evaluated from concentration and stress distributions, from which diffusion fluxes in the γ channels are analyzed.

The dehydrogenation energy and desorption temperature of Mg-B-based hydrides could be reduced respectively by up to 32.2% and 166 °C, due to the weakening of the bonding effects between Ni and H atoms caused by the hybridization of B s, B p and H s orbitals.

Overlapping migration (OLM) of Cu and Zn atoms and toothpaste squeezing migration (TSM) of Al atoms caused by different atom densities in metal oxide materials were studied.

In conclusion, more migrations of Cu atoms caused by larger RSG and larger TCS caused by sufficient BOICBs are two key factors for the growth of FGLNAs.

Two possible factors affecting the lattice strain are illustrated by the variation of the (0002) diffraction peak position: (1) the lattice mismatch between the ZnO film and the MgO(111) substrate and (2) the existence of point defects (vacancies and interstitial atoms) caused by the growth conditions, such as Zn-rich or oxygen-rich conditions [40].

Since the surface morphology of our electrode system differs too much from copper polycrystalline and since it is known that rough surfaces or under coordinated surface atoms caused by nanoparticle deposition may have different intrinsic activity, selectivity or local alkalinity [10, 42], the same experiments in 1 M KHCO3 buffer were also repeated on Cu/GDL.

One problem when working with X-ray structures is that sometimes one or more atoms or entire residues could not be resolved due to uncertainty of atom positioning caused by high movements in the crystal.

The small ring expansion achieved by the substitution with a sulfur atom caused a significant reduction in dipolar-cycloaddition reactivity.

It is seen that there are considerable defects of atom clusters caused by the thermal effect in both the aluminum and copper work piece, which essentially lower the critical force associated with the initial plastic deformation.