Open image in new window Fig. 1 Schematic of experimental apparatus for nitrogen foam injection, 1 nitrogen tank, 2 gas mass controller, 3 foam generator, 4 core holder, 5 back pressure valve, 6 hand booster pump, 7 atmospheric valve, 8 produced fluid metering system, 9 ISCO pump, 10 simulated water, 11 foaming solution, 12 oil, 13 heating oven.
For a high-pressure LOCA, water in an IPST could be injected into a steam generator using gravity after depressurization of the secondary circuit caused by opening atmospheric dump valves.
The influence was surely there too in Valve's atmospheric Half-Life adventures, with their repulsively transmogrified humanoid creatures, and face hugger-like Head Crabs.
Because the intake manifold of a turbocharged or supercharged engine is nearly always at atmospheric pressure or above, valve throttling doesn't offer as significant an advantage in those engines as it does in motors that are naturally aspirated.
AM precursor molecular weights were determined using a ThermoQuest Finnigan LCQ-DUO system equipped with a syringe pump, an optional divert/inject valve, an atmospheric pressure ionization (API) source, a mass spectrometer (MS) detector, and the Xcalibur data system.
The PRHRS is designed to remove decay heat when normal heat removal system is not available and it consists of steam generator secondary side, a heat exchanger cooling by atmospheric air, and corresponding pipes, valves and air gates.
Reaction pH, combined severity and effective acid concentration for each pretreatment experiment are available in Additional file 1. Pretreated biomass exits the pretreatment reactor through a pair of alternating full-port ball valves into an atmospheric pressure flash tank separating into a flash vapor stream and a PCS stream.
Decompression in the continuous HS reactor is rapid, with discharge of pretreated biomass to atmospheric pressure using two alternating ball valves.
Acid-impregnated biomass and steam were continuously fed to the barrel of the reactor by a plug screw feeder and discharged at the other end to atmospheric pressure through two alternating ball valves.
Compressors that act with suction pressure below atmospheric pressure or use a suction throttle valve can have a reference pressure less than atmospheric.
Finally, by opening the top valve of the column to atmospheric air and draining liquid from bottom valve at constant rate with a syringe pump, CGD process was started.
