Atmospheric dispersion of traffic pollutions were measured by moving away from the highway along the wind direction.
The spatial pattern in topsoil Pb concentrations reflects Dublin's long history of diffuse atmospheric emissions from traffic and coal combustion in inner city homes and industries.
Effluents from household and industries, drainage water, atmospheric deposition, and traffic-related emissions transported with storm water into the sewage and/or irrigation system carry number of pollutants and enrich the urban waste water with heavy metals (Saha et al. 2015; Zia et al. 2016; Woldetsadik et al. 2017).
The main emission source of atmospheric pollutants is road traffic.
Atmospheric pollution from vehicular traffic is a matter of growing interest, often leading to temporary restrictions in urban areas.
To improve short-term TRAP estimates, temporal variables including central-site measurements, wind speed and direction, temperature, atmospheric stability, and hourly traffic intensity have been incorporated into LUR models.
Other potential explanations for different observed inversion effects across pollutants, which are not mutually exclusive, include vertical emission location (i.e., industrial stacks versus on-road traffic), and atmospheric chemistry (i.e., reactivity and transformation rates) [ 44].
We speculate that high minimum PM10 values during the day could represent prolonged low-level exposures, for example, due to lack of clearing caused by atmospheric stagnation or sustained traffic volume.
For the AR model, the physically interpretable parameters (i.e., defined parameters associated with emissions or atmospheric dispersion, such as traffic volume or wind speed) both for UFPs (Table 2) and for PM2.5 (Table 3) did not change dramatically from the initial additive model.
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