Replication with a large randomised controlled trial and an athlete sample is needed.
To begin, arrange students into pairs and have each pair choose an index card with the name of an athlete (sample list provided below).
Articles had to (a) be full journal articles written in English, (b) include an athlete sample, (c) examine acute effects of physical exercise, and (d) measure a perceptual-cognitive task as the dependent variable.
The elite athlete sample was comprised of 13 elite kayakers, with at least 3 years of kayak training at elite level, mean age 20 ± 3 years, with an average body mass of 75.0 ± 7.9 kg, 177.3 ± 7.1 cm in height, and a VO2max of 58.3 ± 7.8 mL·kg−1·min−1.
As part of the government's investigation of the laboratory, it obtained many athletes' samples, including some belonging to Bonds.
The report alleges the "institutional conspiracy" included more than 1,000 athletes in more than 30 sports, and led to an IOC investigation to re-examine athletes' samples andthe containers that held those samples for evidence of tampering.
He claims to have run a sophisticated state-sanctioned scheme at the Winter Olympics in Sochi in 2014, to ensure crooked athletes' samples were replaced clandestinely with clean ones.
Even this, McLaren said, is "not the complete picture" as his team was denied access to the Moscow anti‑doping laboratory's computer server and the hundreds of athletes' samples still in its freezers.
Currently athletes' samples are flown five hours to Doha in Qatar for testing, while the samples of other sportsmen and women from the east African country are sent to a lab in South Africa.
Ljungqvist said that sending athletes' samples to Switzerland from Brazil for the World Cup should not pose much of a problem, because so few players are tested after every match.
Future research on mortality in elite athletes would benefit from more comprehensive statistical measures and reliable databases to determine potential mechanisms that may influence mortality trends and causes in both athlete and non-athlete samples.
