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There has been long-time history of study on water pollution caused by heavy metals at variable scales from global to regional and in different aquatic systems such as streams, rivers, and lakes (Okiongbo and Douglas 2015; Singh 2002; Vega et al. 1998).
Due to multiple biotic and abiotic factors, soil nutrients are highly heterogeneous at variable scales [6], [7].
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Specifically, we examined how white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) abundance, reserve size, and landscape context at variable spatial scales interact to influence the impact of deer herbivory on forest understory communities in 16 Indiana state parks.
In addition, the bands display clear signs of degradation and slumping at their margins along with a suite of other features that include fractured mounds, polygonal cracks at variable size-scales, and knobby/hummocky textures.
Locations were sited around the polder at variable spacing to assess scales of stratigraphic heterogeneity.
Shifts in the salinity regimes in coastal lagoon systems from brackish water to freshwater or marine salinities are known to be seasonally progressive; however, such shifts can also occur at variable rates and spatio-temporal scales that could go unnoticed.
Kahlo today inhabits international culture at variable points on a sliding scale between sainthood and a brand.
This requires measuring variables at scales that allow prioritization of funding across locations and risk categories.
Four gap variables and three landscape variables at four scales (500 2000 m) were included in the models.
The socioeconomic characteristics of SSF are often quite variable at fine scales, especially in proximity to urban areas.
While topographic complexity was the most important variable at all scales, different land cover characteristics were of secondary importance at both scales: developed land cover for watersheds, and forest cover at the riparian scale.
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