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However, this effect supposedly affected primarily the items that were used at the test of learning since only those items were explicitly tested in a forward direction.
This way memory for the AB transition at the test of learning served as baseline for memory of the CB transition at backward testing during retrieval testing, and memory for the BC transition at the test of learning served as baseline for memory of the BA transition at backward testing during retrieval testing.
Still, it could be argued that forward testing of the words at the test of learning to a certain degree induced some anticipatory effects in favor of forward direction at memory testing after the retention interval.
Because at learning only forward recall was probed, the calculation of the percentages for backward retrieval was based on the performance for the respective forward transition at the test of learning.
Retention was determined by calculating the percentage of words for each transition that a subject correctly retrieved at recall testing compared to his/her score at the test of learning.
We deliberately only used forward testing at the test of learning before the retention intervals because backward testing at this stage would induce a number of cognitive processes interfering with the natural forward encoding of episodes in regular temporal order.
Similar(53)
The call was immediately criticised by teachers' unions for overemphasising testing at the expense of learning.
Collectively, these data suggest that environmental factors influence the incidence and severity of skin abnormalities following repeated s.c. injections, but that these adverse skin responses do not significantly influence performance in at least one test of learning and memory.
Tests of learning success were applied after each of the four learning phases.
Immediately afterwards, baseline learning (test of learning) was assessed on 16 of the triplets.
Everything at Success is about the test, not about learning.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com