Typically, the complex modulus approaches asymptotically a constant value at small frequencies, which is referred to as 'yield modulus'.
Assortment was lower than in the corresponding no selection scenario, which resulted in frequency-dependent effects that act against the evolution of cooperation at small frequencies of cooperator.
Assessment of these models revealed the most common model to be PGR alone (27% and 18% for mortality and recurrence, respectively), followed by various two-gene combinations which occurred at small frequencies (7% or less).
Interestingly, the blue subclone is not seen at time points (a) and (b) when using only SNV data but is clearly manifest (albeit at small frequency) once CNA data are included.
34 The presence, though at small frequency, of the West African kdr mutation needs to be carefully followed, as this kdr mutation was previously related with high levels of both pyrethroid and DDT resistance.
At smaller frequencies ν (smaller than 1012 hertz), electric charges typically are the freely moving electrons in the metal components of antennas or the free electrons and ions in space that give rise to phenomena related to radio waves, radar waves, and microwaves.
Di-nucleotide repeats were the most abundant SSRs (67.7%, N = 910) in the P. w. bulomachus transcriptome while tri- and tetra-nucleotide repeats were only present at smaller frequencies (tri-nucleotide SSRs 26.7%, N = 359 and tetra-nucleotide SSRs 5.6%, N = 75).
We note that, at very small frequencies, changes in an allele frequency are dominated by genetic drift, with selection becoming the primary driver of evolution at a threshold frequency of 1/ Nσ (Rouzine et al. 2001).
This is not surprising considering that much of the DNA is present at very small frequencies, and a lot of effort would be spent trying to catch most of the rare bins.
Equation 5 shows that the spacing along the basilar membrane between two successive semitones (substitute k = 1 and f r with the fundamental frequency of the lower tone) will vary depending on the frequency range, and is smaller at low frequencies, asymptotically approaching 0.4 mm with higher frequencies.
