The 2 studies with amateurs (children) assessed AT-based exercises rather than AT sessions, that were provided by teachers without professional AT certification [ 27, 35].
It may also be assumed that the intensity and duration of the AT sessions were sufficient to induce metabolic and functional adaptations, considering that VO2max and duration of treadmill exercise test were increased.
Evidence from RCTs and CTs suggests that AT sessions may improve performance anxiety in musicians.
According to a recent review AT sessions may be effective for chronic back pain.
Adverse events of AT sessions were generally not described in the studies.
Interventions were AT sessions (one-to-one or group lessons) or exercises based on AT principles.
Armstrong hypothesised that AT sessions would help pianists to cope with stress and nervousness [ 32].
In a study comparing NF to AT, alpha/theta NF sessions but not AT sessions improved the music performance [ 28].
A variety of outcome measures has been used to investigate the effectiveness of AT sessions in musicians.
The study is highly biased, since AT sessions were given by the author, who also assessed the video-tapes.
A variety of study designs and outcome measures has been used to investigate the effectiveness of AT sessions in musicians.
