For each sample, 170 SNPs were selected at random, conditioned on their being separated from each other by at least 200 kb.
The results of regression models will generally remain valid so long as the missing data pattern satisfied the missing at random condition (MAR), which stipulates that the probability of missingness does not dependent on unobserved values of missing responses after taking into account the nonmissing data.
Results from separate runs at a random condition were not statistically different from the model prediction, signifying a validity of the model.
Considering the random results, it can be said that the model produces the same results under random conditions, only at different quantities.
The cells were then fixed and stained with antibody against MICAL-L1, Rab8, Rab13, Rab36, or JIP4 and fluorescence images of the transfected cells were captured at random under conditions in which none of the fluorescence signals was saturated.
Multiple imputation is best applied when data are missing at random, a condition that is demonstrably not met in our data.
When the missingness at random (MAR) condition [ 8] is fulfilled, the response indicator process only depends on the observed data: (2) This means that the probability of dropping out is unaffected by response and covariate values that are not observed.
Then for each backwards-in-time simulation, we select an allele trajectory at random and condition the coalescent simulation on the population sizes and migration history of the favored allele as specified by the allele trajectory (see Methods).
In randomized controlled trials (RCTs), the groups would be assigned at random to treatment conditions, so that analyses of treatment effects would not be confounded by these differentially distributed characteristics [ 28].
However, according to Darwin's theory of evolution (1859) which is widely accepted, mutations occur at random, and environmental conditions act as a selective force on the resulting phenotype (Fig. 1, lower panel).
