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To make matters worse, "hacking" at the voting machine level is only part of the problem — cybercriminals could also create false registered voters, or interfere with the process at other steps to manipulate results.
In all cases, the de novo sequences did not rescue E. coli cells deleted for functions at other steps in the biosynthetic pathways.
If the novel sequences that rescue ΔserB, ΔgltA or ΔilvA encode bypass pathways for the synthesis of serine, glutamate, and isoleucine, respectively, then these de novo sequences would also rescue cells deleted for enzymes that function at other steps in the these biosynthetic pathways.
However, a higher degree of inhibition of HIV-1 infection by these extracts might be attributed to the presence of several phytochemicals that could work through interference at other steps of virus life cycle.
This suggests that the differences between ECB Z male and female pheromones may not be the result of differential activity of the desaturase systems but rather of differences at other steps in the biosynthesis.
For example, one instance was investigated in Figure 4 in which flux control over glycolysis was measured by direct inhibition by a small molecule of GAPDH in which case it was shown to cause the largest decrease in glycolytic flux as opposed to inhibition at other steps of the pathway.
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In MCA, a pure rate-limiting step occurs when the flux control coefficient (FCC) (Supplementary Information) is one at that step and zero at all other steps.
Antibody incubations were done at 4ºC (washes and other steps at room temperature).
Unless otherwise stated, in all ELISAs half of the plate was coated with antigen (test side) and buffer alone to the other half (background side); the coating step was performed overnight at 4°C; and all other steps were at room temperature (RT).
But this may be a good time to take that painful look into the portfolio and sell some dogs at losses, among other steps.
In anticipation of approval, the company has already invested hundreds of millions of dollars in digging a foundation, laying pipes for cooling water and other steps at the site, where two reactors have been operating since the late 1980s.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com