On the negative side, it appears some of the least sophisticated groups offer services or treatment that are seen to be at best duplicative, and at worst, harmful.
"Casas was given a contract with no spending cap (and, obviously, looking at their expenses, with no oversight) to do work that we can only describe as duplicative," the letter said.
Other kinds of gene duplication at small scales, such as tandem duplication, segmental duplication, and duplicative retroposition, have also continually enlarged the pool of duplicated genes.
"Regrettably, both parties to this dispute have engaged in a slash-and-burn litigation strategy that has at times been duplicative and exceedingly burdensome to their adversaries and the courts," she said.
There are three main molecular mechanisms leading to new duplicates [ 2, 3]: 1) unequal crossing-over during homologous recombination, 2) duplicative transposition at the DNA level and retroposition mediated by mRNA, and 3) polyploidization.
At the national level, the use of duplicative, independent, vertical public health surveillance systems (e.g., one system for tuberculosis, another system for malaria), while keeping surveillance close to action may result in the redundant use of personnel, excessive costs, and ineffective or inefficient actions.
In addition, because companies producing the same chemical would likely cross the SNUN threshold at different times, and some may not cross it at all, the SNUR approach could lead to duplicative reporting requirements by defeating efforts to share costs and testing through formation of consortia.
Another duplicative rule at a time when methane emissions are falling and on top of an onslaught of other new BLM and EPA regulations could drive more energy production off federal lands.
However, in his presentation, Mr. Bronstein also suggested "economies of at least $1 million in operational expenses and $900,000 in duplicative personnel".
This hydra of duplicative companies has always been indefensible.
The file, made up largely of duplicative documents, did little to settle the issue.
