At broad scales, the rocky bank itself contained the highest diversity of both habitats and fishes.
As these factors operate at different spatial scales, we asked: Do the environmental factors known to determine community assembly at broad scales operate at fine scales (few meters)?
And third, whole community-based biodiversity metrics (including taxon richness) are not ideal indicators of anthropogenic effects on biodiversity at broad scales.
At broad scales (aggregate of 33 plots covering ≈4500 ha) suburbs supported the lowest bird richness and diversity and rural landscapes the most, with reserves slightly below rural.
Community structure was mainly driven by the altitudinal gradient and spring flow variation at broad scales, with functional diversity gradually decreasing with elevation and being maximized at intermediate levels of flow variability.
Typically monitoring of vegetation change in conservation areas occurs at broad scales and would not detect the change in either the patch type or species specific responses identified in this study.
Using SEM, at broad scales, we found significant effects of increases in logging road density resulting in a direct increase in wolf presence, and indirectly in a decrease in caribou presence.
We provide evidence that, at broad scales, habitat identification that includes logging roads and wolves provides a better measure of suitability of an area for caribou occupation than does forest cover alone.
Such heterogeneity is generally mapped at broad scales and the specific physical interfaces between industries and the spaces they occupy are rarely addressed vertically as a 3D urban landscape.
Yet, our current understanding of what determines forest management intensity is weak, particularly at broad scales, and this makes it difficult to assess the environmental and social trade-offs of intensification.
