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While the insertion by any of the TLS pols is largely accurate, insertion of a wrong nucleotide also occurs at a substantial frequency.
However, a growing body of evidence has indicated that somatic retrotransposition in mammals not only occurs, but is likely to occur at a substantial frequency.
In a series of investigations in the late 1990s, Box and co-workers showed that double-base DNA lesions are formed at a substantial frequency by ionizing radiation and by metal-catalyzed H2O2 reactions (4– 7).
Overall, chromothripsis was detected at a substantial frequency in CLL (approximately 2%) through inference from SNP-array data, and was seen almost exclusively in CLL with IGHV-unmutated status and with mutated TP53.
A breakthrough in cancer etiology research has been the demonstration of exposure-specific mutational fingerprints in the TP53 tumor suppressor gene and in a few other genes that are found mutated in human tumors at a substantial frequency [ 4, 5].
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There is a substantial frequency of HD in the white and mixed-race populations of South Africa.
There is also a substantial frequency correlation between the channel attenuation of adjacent subcarriers.
A substantial frequency of total enamel defects, amounting to 33%, was estimated.
Although some of the SNPs on the lineages we have defined by single SNPs are undoubtedly rare (eg, the Z2125 sub-hg M434, Figure 1, Supplementary Table 4), it remains possible that future genotyping effort using the SNPs in Supplementary Data File 1 may expose other substructure at substantial frequency, commensurate with more recent episodes of population growth and movement.
Tandem DNA lesions are formed at substantial frequency by ionizing radiation and metal-catalyzed H2O2 reactions (reviewed in ref (6)).
The haplogroup R1a1-M17 is found at substantial frequency in Iraq, so limited gene flow or subsequent drift (or both) could account for its presence in the Shimar— although later migrations, slavery and trade provide alternative explanations.
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